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ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Técnica de revascularização miocárdica com uso de toracoscopia

Leonardo Esteves LimaI; Patrick NatafII; André Esteves LimaII; Itacir Arlindo FranceschiniII; Cândido GomesII; Pedro PaniaguaII; Ricardo CarranzaII; Maria Cristina RezendeII; Iradj GandjbachkhI

DOI: 10.1590/S0102-76381996000400003

RESUMO

Os excelentes resultados da revascularização do miocárdio utilizando a artéria torácica interna (ATI) e a artéria interventricular anterior (AIA) estão consagrados. A realização de revascularização do miocárdio com auxílio de uma técnica pouco invasiva, a toracoscopia, é uma alternativa original, quando comparada com os métodos clássicos. A técnica consiste na dissecção da ATI esquerda com toracoscopia, e a anastomose coronariana abordando a Al A através de uma minitoracotomia anterior esquerda. A exclusão pulmonar esquerda é feita com intubação seletiva. Três incisões torácicas de 1,5 cm, ao nível do 5º e 6º espaços intercostais, possibilitam a introdução dos trocartes para a passagem da câmera endoscópica e dos diversos instrumentos cirúrgicos utilizados. Após a inspeção da cavidade pleural e do pulmão, a ATI é observada e, em seguida, dissecada em todo o seu trajeto. As colaterais são "clipadas" ou coaguladas. Uma minitoracotomia anterior de aproximadamente 6 cm no 4º espaço intercostal esquerdo é feita para abordar a AIA após a abertura do pericárdio. O controle da artéria coronária e a colocação de um shunt (após arteriotomia) permitem a realização da anastomose, com o coração batendo e sem auxílio de circulação extracorpórea. Esta técnica de revascularização coronária, com o uso de toracoscopia, é uma opção terapêutica para uma certa categoria de pacientes coronarianos e, provalvelmente, o início de uma nova época na cirurgia cardíaca, pois outras intervenções com toracoscopia já estão em fase experimental.

ABSTRACT

The benefits of the internal mammary artery (IMA), as a graft, particularly for the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery disease, have been demonstrated. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is now an accepted technique of myocardial revascularization. Thoracoscopy and a minimal thoracotomy have been applied to cardiac surgery, however its use has not been well defined. In our approach, we harvested the left or the right IMA thoracoscopically. Following this the left IMA-LAD or right IMA-right coronary artery anastomoses were fashioned, by means of a left or right small anterior thoracotomy on the beating heart without CPB. A double lumen endotracheal tube was used so the lung could be collapsed. Three left or right lateral chest ports of 1.5 cm were made, and the thoracoscope was placed through the initial port, permitting inspection of the thorax. The other ports were used for IMA dissection, using endoscopic instruments (electrocautery, grasping, forceps,...), the side branches were controlled by either cautery or endoscopic clips. When it was possible, the anterior port was extended doing a small left or right anterior thoracotomy, the pericardium was exposed, the IMA was divided and exteriorized through the thoracotomy. After coronary artery control, the bypass graft was carried out on the beating heart without CPB. In certain cases, when myocardial protection was considered to be essential, this was achieved by means of an intracoronary shunt. We have operated on more than 20 patients using this technique with good results in all cases. We believe that with increasing operator experience, this minimally invasive approach will have a major impact on the management of the coronary artery disease patients, with a faster recovery, shorter hospitalization, and certainly less cost.
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